INTRODUCTION
This paper is intended to fulfil one of two assignments in the subject Linguistics II at semester 7.
Here the writer tries to describe some ways which are used in making requests in Javanese. She limits to the sentences which are used by youths in informal situation, in spoken communication.
To make better understanding, it is necessary to know that sample sentences which are used in this paper commonly happen in a dormitory.
All criticism intended to improve this simple paper will be gladly accepted.
N. MARIANI
Like in other languages, request in Javanese can be formed by using several different kinds of sentence construction and variants. Of course, the use of each construction or variant will depend on some factors such as situation, language, speaker and social.
Javanese has at least three variants of language which indicate the relation of the speakers. They are:
- ngoko
It is used by a speaker who is in higher rank, or older in age to another speaker; or among friends which indicate intimacy.
-krama
It is used by a speaker who is in lower rank or younger in age to another speaker; or by a speaker to another speaker who has not known well.
-krama inggil
It is used by a speaker who is in lower rank just like krama, but it is smoother.
As for dialects, Javanese has many variants, such as Yogyanese, Banyumasan, Tegal, Surabayan (Jawa Timuran), etc.
Here are some examples of types of sentences which are used as requests. The data are taken from daily conversation in a dormitory in Yogyakarta. Based on these, it is clearly understood that the variants used are ngoko, Yogyanese, informal.
a.
Jupukna bukuku En.
Jupukke bukuku En.
Rotiku panganen
Paranana kancaku kana.
Balia.
b.
Tulung jupukke bukuku.
Tulung aku dipijeti.
c.
Mbok dipangan segane.
Kowe mbok sok dolan
Aku ki mbok diterke.
Mbok sing resik le nyapu.
d.
Jupuk.
Mlebu.
e.
Aku njaluk kertasi Sri.
Aku nyilih pulpenmu Sri.
Aku nurun garapanmu Sri.
f.
Titip tikokke kertas.
Titip jiwitke bnakule.
g.
Aku tak mangkat saiki ya.
h.
Mangkat saiki yok.
Yok dha tuku balok yo.
i.
Kowe ngomong ta.
j.
Kowe duwe wedang?
Ora duwe wedang Sri?
Mesin tikmu nganggur?
Kok ra dipangan?
Kowe isa ngewangi aku?
From the above examples we see that in Javanese we have a great deal of choices in making requests. We can use imperative sentences as in a, b, c, d, f; statements as in e, g, i; or interrogatives as in j. The choice will depend on the purpose of the speaker, the emotion, the relation between speakers.
Let focus our attention closely to the sentences one by one to understand their use according to social rule of Javanese society.
In a, the construction is commonly used by close friends. The speakers considers the hearer younger or the same rank or position with him. But it is necessary to know that certain hearers do not like the use of such sentences though they are close friends to the speakers. Such sentences are felt as strong commands of the speaker to show his higher position. Some speakers, therefore, rarely use such construction to avoid hurting the hearer.
In b, the word 'tulung' is added. The speaker uses it with the intention that the hearer will be willingly do what the speaker ask to do because it will be felt as asking for a help instead of command or request. To some speaker such sentences are preferred to those in a. It is usually used by young speaker to older hearer, but of course older speaker can use it to the younger hearer.
In c, the word 'mbok" is used. The speaker makes request by showing his hope that what he wants is really implemented by the hearer. The word 'mbok' can function as suggestion and polite request. Using the word'mbok' in making request is common to younger or older speaker, but as it function as suggestion, it is usually used by older speaker to younger hearer.
In d, the sentence construction is brief, made of a stem form verb. With different intonation, it can be used to express strong request or command. Therefore it is rarely used. But by changing the intonation, it can also be used as smooth, brief request, especially when there is speech-context. The function, then, as a response to other request. For example:
- Aku njaluk kertasmu iki ya.
+ Jupuk.
Such sentences are usually used by a speaker who is in higher position, rank or older than the hearer.
As it is already stated previously, requests can be made by using statement. In e, the example sentences are in statement. Here, the speaker expresses clearly his need. But unlike sentence construction that have been described, the sentence construction here is used to ask for something, or ask someone to supply the speaker with something, instead of asking somebody to do something. In communication, it can be used by both younger speaker to older hearer and older speaker to younger hearer.
In f, requests are made by using the word 'titip'. It is used by a speaker to ask someone else to do something when the person ( the hearer) will do another activity.
In g, request is made by using permission. The word ya at the end of a sentence indicate that the speaker asks for the hearer's permission. Sentence construction like this can be used by anyone, no matter young or old he is, to other speaker, among friends.
In h, the word yok is used, in the beginning as well as the end of a sentence. Here the speaker asks the hearer to do something with him.
In i, the word ta is used at the end of the sentence. Sentences like this are usually used as a condition to another request. e.g.
-Aku nyilih pulpenmu Sri.
+Aku diterke tuku kertas ta.
Such a sentence can be used by the older as well as younger speaker.
In j, request is made by interrogatives. The speaker uses such sentences because he does not want to show his request explisitly. In Javanese society, to state something implisitly is one of the ways of showing politeness, and smoothness. Such sentences are used by younger and older speaker.
Summary and Conclusion
From the above descriptions, we can draw some conclussion:
Yogya, 20th December 1984
This paper is intended to fulfil one of two assignments in the subject Linguistics II at semester 7.
Here the writer tries to describe some ways which are used in making requests in Javanese. She limits to the sentences which are used by youths in informal situation, in spoken communication.
To make better understanding, it is necessary to know that sample sentences which are used in this paper commonly happen in a dormitory.
All criticism intended to improve this simple paper will be gladly accepted.
N. MARIANI
REQUEST
Like in other languages, request in Javanese can be formed by using several different kinds of sentence construction and variants. Of course, the use of each construction or variant will depend on some factors such as situation, language, speaker and social.
Javanese has at least three variants of language which indicate the relation of the speakers. They are:
- ngoko
It is used by a speaker who is in higher rank, or older in age to another speaker; or among friends which indicate intimacy.
-krama
It is used by a speaker who is in lower rank or younger in age to another speaker; or by a speaker to another speaker who has not known well.
-krama inggil
It is used by a speaker who is in lower rank just like krama, but it is smoother.
As for dialects, Javanese has many variants, such as Yogyanese, Banyumasan, Tegal, Surabayan (Jawa Timuran), etc.
Here are some examples of types of sentences which are used as requests. The data are taken from daily conversation in a dormitory in Yogyakarta. Based on these, it is clearly understood that the variants used are ngoko, Yogyanese, informal.
a.
Jupukna bukuku En.
Jupukke bukuku En.
Rotiku panganen
Paranana kancaku kana.
Balia.
b.
Tulung jupukke bukuku.
Tulung aku dipijeti.
c.
Mbok dipangan segane.
Kowe mbok sok dolan
Aku ki mbok diterke.
Mbok sing resik le nyapu.
d.
Jupuk.
Mlebu.
e.
Aku njaluk kertasi Sri.
Aku nyilih pulpenmu Sri.
Aku nurun garapanmu Sri.
f.
Titip tikokke kertas.
Titip jiwitke bnakule.
g.
Aku tak mangkat saiki ya.
h.
Mangkat saiki yok.
Yok dha tuku balok yo.
i.
Kowe ngomong ta.
j.
Kowe duwe wedang?
Ora duwe wedang Sri?
Mesin tikmu nganggur?
Kok ra dipangan?
Kowe isa ngewangi aku?
From the above examples we see that in Javanese we have a great deal of choices in making requests. We can use imperative sentences as in a, b, c, d, f; statements as in e, g, i; or interrogatives as in j. The choice will depend on the purpose of the speaker, the emotion, the relation between speakers.
Let focus our attention closely to the sentences one by one to understand their use according to social rule of Javanese society.
In a, the construction is commonly used by close friends. The speakers considers the hearer younger or the same rank or position with him. But it is necessary to know that certain hearers do not like the use of such sentences though they are close friends to the speakers. Such sentences are felt as strong commands of the speaker to show his higher position. Some speakers, therefore, rarely use such construction to avoid hurting the hearer.
In b, the word 'tulung' is added. The speaker uses it with the intention that the hearer will be willingly do what the speaker ask to do because it will be felt as asking for a help instead of command or request. To some speaker such sentences are preferred to those in a. It is usually used by young speaker to older hearer, but of course older speaker can use it to the younger hearer.
In c, the word 'mbok" is used. The speaker makes request by showing his hope that what he wants is really implemented by the hearer. The word 'mbok' can function as suggestion and polite request. Using the word'mbok' in making request is common to younger or older speaker, but as it function as suggestion, it is usually used by older speaker to younger hearer.
In d, the sentence construction is brief, made of a stem form verb. With different intonation, it can be used to express strong request or command. Therefore it is rarely used. But by changing the intonation, it can also be used as smooth, brief request, especially when there is speech-context. The function, then, as a response to other request. For example:
- Aku njaluk kertasmu iki ya.
+ Jupuk.
Such sentences are usually used by a speaker who is in higher position, rank or older than the hearer.
As it is already stated previously, requests can be made by using statement. In e, the example sentences are in statement. Here, the speaker expresses clearly his need. But unlike sentence construction that have been described, the sentence construction here is used to ask for something, or ask someone to supply the speaker with something, instead of asking somebody to do something. In communication, it can be used by both younger speaker to older hearer and older speaker to younger hearer.
In f, requests are made by using the word 'titip'. It is used by a speaker to ask someone else to do something when the person ( the hearer) will do another activity.
In g, request is made by using permission. The word ya at the end of a sentence indicate that the speaker asks for the hearer's permission. Sentence construction like this can be used by anyone, no matter young or old he is, to other speaker, among friends.
In h, the word yok is used, in the beginning as well as the end of a sentence. Here the speaker asks the hearer to do something with him.
In i, the word ta is used at the end of the sentence. Sentences like this are usually used as a condition to another request. e.g.
-Aku nyilih pulpenmu Sri.
+Aku diterke tuku kertas ta.
Such a sentence can be used by the older as well as younger speaker.
In j, request is made by interrogatives. The speaker uses such sentences because he does not want to show his request explisitly. In Javanese society, to state something implisitly is one of the ways of showing politeness, and smoothness. Such sentences are used by younger and older speaker.
Summary and Conclusion
From the above descriptions, we can draw some conclussion:
- Javanese has a variety of forms in making request to choose.
- Each form has its unique function and meaning.
- The use of one form depends on the speaker's purpose, the relation between the speaker and hearer: in age, position, rank.
- Certain forms are used to show politeness, smoothness.
- The use of certain forms also depends on the context of situation.
Yogya, 20th December 1984
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